Objective: Exploring the diagnostic value of red blood cell parameters in patients with renal anemia. Methods: 73 anemic patients and 30 healthy individuals admitted between January 2022 and May 2025 were selected. After admission, the hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), standard deviation of red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW-SD), coefficient of variation of red blood cell volume distribution width (RDW-CV), and changes in post-treatment indicators were compared among four groups of patients. Results: The HCT, MCHC, RDW-SD, and RDW-CV indicators in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group C, P＜0.05, There was no significant difference compared to control group A and control group B, P＞0.05。 After treatment, the observation group showed significant differences in various indicators compared to before treatment, P＜0.05。 Conclusion: HCT, MCHC, RDW-SD, and RDW-CV testing can improve the diagnostic accuracy of renal anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease and enhance treatment efficacy.