Objective: To investigate the relationship between preoperative laboratory biomarkers and postoperative visual outcomes in cataract patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 110 patients who underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Demographic data, preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and laboratory test results were collected. BCVA was assessed one month postoperatively, and patients were grouped into two categories: good outcomes (LogMAR BCVA≤0.1) and poor outcomes (LogMAR BCVA>0.1) . Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictive factors, construct models, and evaluate performance using AUC. Results: Among the patients, 80 had good outcomes and 30 had poor outcomes. Univariate analysis showed that age, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly associated (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis: Age (OR: 1.10, CI: 1.03–1.18,P=0.007), FBG (OR: 2.25, CI: 1.48–3.43, P<0.001), and NLR (OR: 2.05, CI: 1.39–3.02, P<0.001) were independent predictive factors. Model AUC = 0.84. Conclusion: Preoperative systemic factors, including age, FBG, and NLR, are key predictive indicators for postoperative visual recovery. This model, based on routine low-cost laboratory data, can assist in clinical management expectations and identify high-risk individuals.