Objective: To investigate the incidence of myopia in children and adolescents and its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 2,193 children or adolescents from six schools in Anfu County (two primary schools, two junior high schools, and two ordinary high schools) were selected as research subjects during 2023. The study aimed to assess the incidence of myopia among children and adolescents and analyze the influencing factors. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences across different age groups, genders, and urban-rural areas (P<0.05). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that older age, not adjusting desks and chairs according to students" height, not performing eye exercises daily, teachers or parents rarely correcting reading and writing postures, teachers or parents rarely correcting the issue of reading and writing with eyes too close to the book, and frequently or always using electronic screens in insufficient light are independent risk factors for myopia in children and adolescents (P<0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of myopia in children and adolescents is closely related to age, gender, urban-rural residence, desk and chair height adjustment, adherence to eye exercises, and eye usage norms.