Objective: To explore the application effect of chain quality control management in improving the quality of outpatient prescription and rational drug use. Methods: 22 outpatient pharmacy staff working in our hospital from January 2022 to October 2024 were selected as the study subjects. From January 2022 to April 2023, 500 prescriptions issued by routine outpatient pharmacy and drug management mode were used as the control group. From May 2023 to October 2024, 500 prescriptions issued by the study subjects under the chain quality control management mode were used as the study group. The work efficiency, the occurrence of various error events, the occurrence of error events in the process of taking medicine, the occurrence of unreasonable prescription drugs and the satisfaction of patients were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results: The prescription dispensing time and waiting time of the study group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of drug packaging errors, mismanagement of dismantled drugs, quantity errors, inventory errors and drug expiration in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of error events in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The total incidence of irrational drug use in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The total satisfaction rate of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of chain quality control management can effectively improve the efficiency of outpatient work, reduce the incidence of various error events in the process of prescription and drug taking, ensure the rationality of drug use, and improve patient satisfaction.