Objective: To investigate the changes of serum helper T cell 17 ( Th17 ) / regulatory T cell ( Treg ) in patients with bacterial vaginitis and its correlation with high-risk human papillomavirus ( HR-HPV ) infection. Methods: 80 patients with bacterial vaginosis who underwent vaginal microecological detection and were diagnosed with HPV in Xingguo County Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangxi Province from January 2024 to December 2024 were selected as the study group. Another 30 patients with HPV-negative bacterial vaginitis who were treated in the same period were selected as the control group 1, and 30 healthy physical examination personnel were selected as control group 2. The expression levels of Th17, Treg, and their serum factors [interleukin-6 (IL) -6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-12, IL-10, and transforming growth factor - β (TGF - β)] were detected and compared in each group. The patients in the study group were divided into high-risk group ( n = 39 ) and low-risk group ( n = 41 ) according to the results of HPV typing. The baseline data and laboratory indexes of the two groups were compared, and the independent influencing factors of high-risk HPV infection in patients with bacterial vaginitis were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Results: The levels of Th17, Th17/Treg, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-10, and TGF - β were compared among the three groups,and the study group > control group 1 > control group 2 ( P < 0.05 ) ; The levels of Treg and IL-12 were compared, the study group < the control group 1 < the control group 2 ( P < 0.05 ). Multivariate analysis showed that the number of pregnancies, Th17 / Treg cells and related cytokines were independent influencing factors of high-risk HPV infection in patients with bacterial vaginitis ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion: Serum Th17 / Treg cells and related cytokines are highly expressed in patients with bacterial vaginitis. The number of pregnancies, Th17 / Treg cells and related cytokines were independent influencing factors of high-risk HPV infection in patients with bacterial vaginosis.