Objective To investigate the expression of programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in breast cancer tissues and their relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis. Methods 68 patients with breast cancer who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from February 2020 to March 2023 were selected as the study subjects. The expression of PD-L1 and CAFs in cancer tissue and normal breast tissue were determined by immunohistochemical staining. To analyze the relationship between the positive expression of PD-L1 and CAFs and clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Results The positive expression rates of PD-L1 and CAFs in cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in paracancer tissues (P < 0.05). The positive expression of PD-L1 and CAFs was positively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer (P < 0.05). The PFS rate of breast cancer patients was 91.18% (62/68) one year after surgery. PD-L1: The PFS rates of positive and negative expression were 79.31% (23/29) and 100.00% (39/39), respectively, with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The PFS rates of CAFs with positive and negative expression were 87.10% (27/31) and 94.59% (35/37), respectively, with no statistical difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion PD-L1 and CAFs are highly expressed in breast cancer tissues, and their positive expression is closely related to the progression of patients" disease, while the positive expression of PD-L1 is associated with poor prognosis of patients.