Objective: To compare the efficacy of modified laparoscopic hysterectomy and traditional hysterectomy in the treatment of uterine prolapse. Methods: The medical records of 54 patients with uterine prolapse who underwent traditional hysterectomy in the obstetrics and gynecology department of our hospital from January 2022 to January 2024 were retrospectively collected and included in the control group. The medical records of 54 patients with uterine prolapse who underwent improved laparoscopic uterine suspension were collected and included in the observation group. Perioperative indexes, postoperative complications, and pelvic floor muscle function [Pelvic floor impairment questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7) and pelvic floor distress inventory-short form 20 (PFDI-20)], urodynamic indicators [residual bladder urine volume, maximum urine flow rate, mean urine flow rate, and maximum bladder volume] were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results: The operative time, catheter retention time and hospital stay in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the intraoperative blood loss was significantly less than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The complication rate of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The PFIQ-7 score and PFDI-20 score of the two groups were significantly lower than those before surgery 3 months after surgery (P < 0.05), and the PFIQ-7 score and PFDI-20 score of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the preoperative results, the residual urine volume, average urine flow rate and maximum bladder volume of the two groups increased, while the maximum urine flow velocity decreased (P < 0.05), and the changes in the observation group were more significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with traditional hysterectomy, modified laparoscopic hysterectomy can improve perioperative indexes, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, improve pelvic floor muscle function and urodynamics in patients with uterine prolapse.