Objective: To analyze the relationship between 1.5T magnetic resonance morphological characteristics and bone cement distribution after vertebroplasty for thoracolumbar vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 60 patients with VCF in the hospital from August 2022 to May 2024, with a total of 78 injured vertebrae. All 60 patients underwent 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging and were scanned using T1WI and T2WI sequences. Based on the low signal morphology of bone marrow edema on T1WI, the 78 injured vertebrae were divided into type I group (n=17, diffuse type), type II group (n=36, hemispherical or uneven type), and type III group (n=25, transverse band type). All 60 patients underwent bone cement vertebroplasty, and the distribution of bone cement morphology characteristics was analyzed in the three groups, and the bone cement dispersion and incidence rate of leakage were compared among the three groups. Results: After bone cement vertebroplasty, the type I group had higher postoperative compact bone cement, the type II group had lower compact bone cement, and the type III group had higher postoperative uneven bone cement. The incidence rate of bone cement inlet side reaching upper and lower endplates in type I group was significantly lower than that in type II group (P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in the incidence rates of bone cement exceeding the mid sagittal plane and leakage among the three groups of patients (P>0.05). Conclusion: 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging for patients with VCF can assess bone marrow edema through low signal on T1WI. When diffuse T1WI low signal intensity is present, the diffusion range of bone cement is limited. Clinically, the therapeutic effect of bone cement vertebroplasty can be predicted by the low signal intensity on T1WI during preoperative 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging.